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Paganism is often misunderstood, a term that sparks curiosity and questions such as ‘what are Pagan Beliefs?’. At its core, Paganism represents a rich tapestry of spiritual traditions rooted in ancient practices, reverence for nature, and the worship of many gods.
But what are Pagan beliefs, really? This blog explores the key principles, practices, and variations within Paganism, offering an accessible yet informative guide to understanding this dynamic and ever evolving spiritual path.
What Are the Core Pagan Beliefs?
Paganism is not a single, unified religion, but actually an umbrella term that encompasses a variety of spiritual traditions. While specific practices and beliefs vary widely, most Pagan paths share three fundamental principles:
- Polytheism: The belief in and worship of multiple gods and goddesses.
- Pantheism: Viewing the divine as immanent in all things.
- Reverence for Nature: A deep respect for the earth and its cycles.
Polytheism
Polytheism is one of the oldest forms of spirituality, predating monotheistic religions like Christianity, Judaism, and Islam. Pagans often honour a pantheon of gods and goddesses, which may come from specific cultural or historical traditions. For example, Irish Pagans might venerate deities like the Dagda or Brigid, while others may connect with Norse, Greek, or Egyptian pantheons.
This diversity allows for personal interpretation and practice. Some Pagans work closely with one deity, while others form relationships with several.
Pantheism
Pantheism extends the concept of divinity beyond individual gods. It is the belief that the divine exists in all things – every tree, river, mountain, and creature. This perspective fosters a sense of interconnectedness with the world and emphasises the sacredness of life.
pantheism, the doctrine that the universe conceived of as a whole is God and, conversely, that there is no God but the combined substance, forces, and laws that are manifested in the existing universe. The cognate doctrine of panentheism asserts that God includes the universe as a part though not the whole of his being. [Source: Britannica]
It’s worth noting that not all Pagans identify as pantheists. However, the idea of divine presence within nature resonates with many, forming a spiritual foundation for ecological awareness.
Reverence for Nature
Nature plays a central role in Pagan beliefs. Pagans often attune their spiritual practices to the natural cycles of the earth, following the phases of the moon or celebrating seasonal holidays, including our Fire Festivals Samhain, Imbolc, Bealtaine, and Lúnasa. [Click each Festival Name for your Free ‘Cheat Sheet’.] These observances honour the changing seasons, agricultural cycles, and the balance of life and death.
Time in nature has always been essential to humans, and it’s only relatively recently that we have lost the connection (and health benefits) our ancestors enjoyed from their connection to, and reverence for, nature.
A study using functional neuroimaging (fMRI) found lower activation of the brain structure that signals fear and threat (the amygdala) after a 60-minute walk in a natural environment compared to an urban environment. This finding was associated with reports of feeling “restored” and having improved attention. [Source: University of Nevada]
For many Pagans, the earth itself is sacred – a living, sentient being deserving of respect and care. This belief inspires environmental stewardship, aligning spirituality with practical action to protect the planet.
How Do Pagans View Deities?
One of the most distinctive aspects of Paganism is its openness to diverse interpretations of divinity. Unlike monotheistic religions, which focus on a singular deity, Paganism embraces a spectrum of divine forms.
Pagan Beliefs about Gods and Goddesses
Pagans may connect with Gods and Goddesses from various traditions, often linked to natural forces or human experiences. For instance, the Irish goddess Brigid is associated with healing, poetry, and smithcraft, while the Mórrígan embodies sovereignty, war, and prophecy.
Some Pagans prefer a more abstract approach, honouring divine energy in general terms such as ‘the Great Mother’, ‘our Creator’ or ‘the Divine Masculine’. This flexibility allows individuals to shape their spirituality according to personal resonance and cultural heritage.
‘the blessings of gods and non-gods on you,’ said he. (Gods with them were the Mighty Folk [Note: i.e. the dwellers in the Sid. The words in brackets are a gloss incorporated in the text.]; non-gods the people of husbandry.) [Source: Táin Bó Cuailnge]
The UnGods or ‘Non-Gods’ in Pagan Beliefs
Beyond deities, Pagans also recognise spirits, ancestors, and other supernatural beings. In the mythology, there is reference to the ungods or non-gods, and these are believed to be the Tuatha Dé Danann, or Ancestors, who were… well, not actually Gods but still more than us mundane mortals.
🔗 To learn more about Ancestors, Click for Your Free Resource!
In Irish Paganism, for example, the Sidhe (fairy folk) and local spirits of the land play significant roles. These entities, while not gods, are honoured as part of the Otherworld – an integral aspect of the spiritual landscape.
What Are Pagan Beliefs About Nature?
Nature-based practices are central to Pagan spirituality, offering ways to connect with the earth’s rhythms and cycles.
Lunar and Solar Cycles
Pagans often observe both lunar and solar cycles. The phases of the moon – new, waxing, full, waning, and dark – are times for reflection, intention-setting, and ritual.
🔗 Take a Class – The Moon in Irish Tradition
Solar festivals, such as the solstices and equinoxes, mark the turning points of the year.
(See above for the four Irish Fire Festival names which are linked to the free resources we provide for each of the Pagan Holidays in Irish tradition!)
Sacred Sites and Spirits of Place
Certain locations hold spiritual significance for Pagans. In Ireland, ancient sites like Newgrange, Tara, and Rathcroghan are revered for their connections to mythology and history.
The concept of spiorad na háite (spirit of place) emphasises respect for the land and its unique energies. This may include anthropomorphisation of natural features, meaning, attributing human characteristics, behaviour or personalities to natural elements; such as geographical locations (a river, a mountain, an ocean even a city).
This could also encompass broader spirit ‘types’ such as fire spirit, wolf spirit, death spirit, and so much more.
What Sets Pagan Beliefs Apart from Mainstream Religions?
For those unfamiliar with Paganism, its beliefs may seem radically different from mainstream religious practices. However, this diversity is one of its strengths.
Individuality and Flexibility
Paganism is highly individualised, allowing practitioners to tailor their beliefs and rituals to their needs. There is no central authority or dogma, which fosters a sense of personal responsibility and exploration.
Community and Tradition
While individuality is valued, many Pagans also participate in communities that share common traditions. These groups, whether formal or informal, provide support, education, and a sense of belonging.
A Return to Ancient Roots
Paganism often involves reinvigorating ancient traditions that predate the spread of monotheism. Of course it is vital to do this with decolonisation awareness, and respect for the source culture and people holding a central focus.
This connection to heritage and history is particularly important in Irish Paganism, where the lore and practices of our ancestors are preserved and adapted for the modern world.
Pagan beliefs encompass a wide range of spiritual practices and perspectives, united by a shared respect for nature, reverence for the divine in its many forms, and a commitment to personal and communal growth.
Whether you are curious about Irish Gods and Goddesses, seasonal festivals and holidays, or the essence of Pagan spirituality, there is always more to learn and experience.
💚 To deepen your understanding of Irish Pagan Beliefs and explore our living traditions with a Native Guide, join us for the online class Irish Paganism: A Living Tradition. 💚
